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Buffalo Indian

History of the Indian race

INTRODUCTION

Traditionally, the beginning of the Kingdom "The history of states is considered time of European exploration and settlement from the 16th century until today. But people have lived in America for over 30,000 years before European settlers arrived.

When Christopher Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492, he was greeted by a brown-skinned people whose physical appearance confirmed his opinion that he had finally reached India, and that therefore, he called Indios, Indians, a name which, however mistaken in its first application continued to hold its own, and has long since won general acceptance, except in strictly scientific writing, where the more accurate term U.S. is commonly used. As exploration was extended north and south it was found that the same breed was spread throughout the continent from the shores of the Arctic to Cape Horn, the same everywhere in the main physical characteristics, with the exception of the Eskimo Far North (whose characteristics suggest Mongolia).

OVERVIEW

Origin and Antiquity

origins several have been attributed to the Indian race. The explanation more or less follows beleivable. At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 BC much of the water in the world was contained in vast continental ice sheets. Accordingly, the Bering Sea was hundreds meters below its present level, and a land bridge, known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A wet tundra and treeless, it was covered with grasses and plants to attract large animals that early humans hunted for their survival. The first to reach North America almost certainly aware that they had crossed into a new continent. They were after the game, like their ancestors for thousands of years along the coast Siberia, then across the isthmus.

Type racing

The most marked physical characteristics of the type of Indian race are brown skin, dark brown eyes, high cheekbones, black hair, beard and scarcity. The color is not red, as is generally assumed, but varies from very light in some tribes, like the Cheyenne, to almost black in others, such as the Caddo and Tarimari. In some tribes, as the Flatheads, the skin has a distinct yellow cast. The hair is brown childhood, but always black in adults until it becomes gray with age. Baldness is almost unknown. The eye is not held as open as in the Caucasus and appears better adapted to distance than to close work. The nose is usually straight and well formed, and in some tribes strongly aquiline. Their hands and their feet are relatively small. Size and weight vary among Europeans, the Pueblos average, but a little over five feet, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho are exceptionally tall, and Tehuelche of Patagonia almost massive in construction. In general, the desert Indians, as Apache, are spare and muscular build, while forested areas are heavier, but not proportionately stronger. Beard is still thin, but increases with the mixture of white blood. The misconception that the Indian has naturally no beard is due to the fact that in most tribes it is ripped as fast as it grows, the eyebrows are treated the same way. There is no tribe of "white Indians", but albinos with blond skin, weak pink eyes and almost white hair are occasionally found, especially among the Pueblos.

Major cultural areas

Of prehistory to the recent historical period, there were about six major cultural areas, excluding that of the Arctic (see Eskimo), ie, Northwest Coast, Plains, Plateau, Eastern Woodlands, North and Southwest.

· The area of the Northwest Coast

The north-west along the extended area of the coast Pacific Alaska to Southern California from the North. The main language families in this area were the Nadene in the north and the Wakashan (a subdivision of the reserve Algonquin Wakashan linguistic) and the Tsimshian (a subdivision of the Penutian linguistic stock) in the central area. Typical tribes were the Kwakiutl, Haida, Tsimshian, and the Nootka. Heavily wooded, with a temperate climate and heavy rainfall, the region has long supported a large Native American population. Salmon was the staple food, supplemented by marine mammals (seals and sea lions) and land mammals (deer, elk, and bears) as well as berries and other wild fruits. Natives of this area used wood to build their houses and carved cedar canoes and shelters. In their permanent winter villages some groups are the totems that were carved and covered with symbolic animal decoration. Their works of art, for which they are famous, included also carry out ceremonial items such as rattles and masks, weaving and basketry. They have a very hierarchical society with chiefs, nobles, commoners, and slaves. Public display and disposal of wealth were basic features of society. They had woven dresses, furs, and basket hats as well as wooden armor and helmets for battle. This distinctive culture, which included cannibalistic rituals, was not affected by European influences until the late 18th cent. when the white fur traders and hunters came to the area.

Tribes: Abenaki, Algonquin, Beothuk, Delaware, Erie, Fox, Huron, Illinois, Iroquois, Kickapoo, Mahican, Mascouten, Massachusetts, Mattabesic, Menominee, Metoac, Miami, Micmac, Mohegan, Montagnais, Narragansett, Nauset, Neutrals, Niantic, Nipissing, Nipmuc, Ojibwe, Ottawa Pennacook, Pequot, Pocumtuck, Potawatomi, Sauk, Shawnee, Susquehannock, Tionontates, Wampanoag, Wappinger, Wenro, Winnebago.

· The Plains region

The Plains region stretches from just north of the Canadian border, south through Texas and included the area of grassland between the Mississippi and the foothills. The main language families in this area were the Algonquian-Wakashan, the Aztec-Tano, and Hokan-Siouan. At the time pre-Columbian times there were two distinct types of Native Americans there: sedentary and nomadic. The sedentary tribes, who had migrated from neighboring regions ING and had initally settled along the major valleys, were farmers and lived in permanent villages of dome-shaped earth lodges surrounded by walls earth. They raised corn, squash and beans. The foot nomads, on the other hand, moved with their goods on dog-pulled travois and made a meager existence precarious by hunting the vast herds of bison (Bison) - usually by driving them into enclosures or rounding them through the grass fires. They supplement their diet with meat and skins exchange for maize agriculture Native Americans.

The horse, introduced by the Spanish southwest, appeared in the plains to the early 18th century. and revolutionized the lives of Plains Indians. Many Native Americans left their villages and joined the nomads. On horseback and armed with a bow and arrows, they ranged the grasslands hunting buffalo. The other two Native Americans remained farmers (eg, the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan). Indians surrounding areas came to the plains (eg, the Sioux of the Great Lakes Comanches and Kiowas in the west and northwest, and the Navajo and Apache of the south-west). A universal sign language developed among the perpetually wandering and often Native Americans in war. Living on horseback and in the portable tepee, they preserved food by grinding and drying lean meat and made their clothes skins of buffalo and deer. The system of coup was a characteristic feature of their society. Other features were rites of fasting in quest of a vision, warrior clans, bead and feather art and decorated hides. These Plains Indians were among the last to engage in a serious struggle with the white settlers in the United States.

Tribes: Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Bidaayah, Blackfoot, Caddo, Cheyenne, Comanche, Cree, Crow, Dakota (Sioux), Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kansa, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Kits, Lakota (Sioux), Mandan, Metis, Missouri, Nakota (Sioux), Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Sarsi Sutai, Tonkawa, Wichita.

· Shelf area

The plateau extended over the Canadian border through the mountain and plateau area of the Rockies. south-west and included a Much of California. Typical tribes were the Spokane, the Paiute, Nez Perce, and Shoshone. This has been an area of great diversity language. Because of the inhospitable environment of cultural development was generally low. American Indians in the Central Valley of California and on the California coast, notably the Pomo, were sedentary peoples who collect edible plants, roots and fruit set and also hunt small. Their acorn bread, made from acorns beat in flour, then washing with hot water, was distinctive, and they cooked in baskets filled with water and heated by hot stones. Living in brush shelters or more substantial lean-tos, they had partly buried earth lodges for ceremonies and ritual steam baths. Basketry, coiled and twined, was highly developed. North, between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains., Social systems, political and religious were simple, and art is nonexistent. Native Americans have suffered (since 1730) a great cultural change when they obtained the Plains Indian clothing for the horse, the tepee, a form of the sun dance, and deerskin. They continued, however, to fish for salmon with nets and spears and to gather camas bulbs. They also gathered ants and other insects and hunt small game and, in later times, buffalo. Their permanent winter villages on the way Navigable pit lodges with conical roofs, a few Native Americans lived in bark-covered longhouses.

Tribes: Carrier, Cayuse, Coeur D'Alene, Colville, Dock Spus, Eneeshur, Flathead, Kalispel, Kawachkin, Kittitas, Klamath, Klickitat, Kosith, Kutenai, Lakes, Lillooet, Methow, Modac, Nez Perce, Okanogan, Palouse, Sanpoil, Shushwap, Sinkiuse, Spokane, Tenino, Thompson, Tyigh, Umatilla, Wallawalla, Wasco, Wauyukma, Wenatchee, Wishram, Wyampum, Yakima:. Achomawi California, Atsugewi, Cahuilla, Chimariko, Chumash, Costanoan, Esselen, Hupa, Karuk, Kawaiisu, Maidu Indians of the mission, Miwok, Mono, Patwin, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, tolower, Tubatulabal, Wailaki, Wintu, Wiyot, Yaha, Yokuts, Yuki, Yuman (California).

· The area of eastern forests

The Woodlands area covered the eastern part of the eastern United States, about the ocean Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and included in the Great Lakes. The Natchez, the Choctaw, Cherokee and Creek were typical inhabitants. The northern part of the extended area Canada to Kentucky and Virginia. The locals (who speak the languages of the Algonquian-Wakashan stock) were largely deer hunters and farmers, women tended small plots of corn, squash and beans. The birchbark canoe gained wide usage in this area. The general trend the existence of these Algonquian peoples and their neighbors, who spoke languages belonging to the Iroquoian branch of the Hokan-Siouan stock (enemies who had probably invaded the south) is quite complex. Their diet of deer meat was supplemented by other games (eg, bear), fish (caught with hook, spear, and net), and crustaceans. Cooking is done in vessels of wood and bark or simple black pottery. The dome-shaped wigwam and the house Long Iroquois characterized their housing. The deerskin clothing, face painting and (in the case of men), body lock and scalp men (Left when shaved on both sides of the head), are typical. The myths of Manitou (often called Manibozho or Manabaus), the hero who remade the world mud after a deluge, are also widely known.

The region of South Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico, with its forests and fertile soil, has been at the heart of the southeastern part of the cultural heritage zone Eastern Woodlands. There, before C.500 people were semi-nomadic hunted, fished, gathered roots and seeds. Between 500 and 900 they adopted agriculture, tobacco, pottery and burial mounds. By around 1300 the agricultural economy is well established, and artifacts found in burial mounds show that trade was widespread. Long before the arrival Europeans, the peoples of Natchez and Muskogean branches of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic family were farmers who used hoes with stone, bone, or blade shell. They hunted with bow and blowgun, caught fish by poisoning streams, and gathered berries, fruits, and shellfish. They had excellent pottery, sometimes decorated with abstract figures of animals or humans. Since the war was frequent and intense, the villages were enclosed by wooden palisades reinforced with earth. Some of the large villages, usually ceremonial centers, dominated localities smaller of the surrounding countryside. There were temples for sun worship, rituals were developed and presented an altar with perpetual fire, extinguished and rekindled each year in a "new fire" ceremony. The company was often divided into classes, with a chief, his children, nobles and commoners making in the hierarchy. For a discussion of the first forestry groups, see the separate article Eastern Woodlands culture.

Tribes: Acolapissa, Asis, Alibamons, Apalachee, Atakapa, Bayougoula, Biloxi, Calusa, Catawba, Chakchiuma, Cherokee, Chesapeake Algonquin, Chickasaw, Chitamacha, Choctaw, Coushatta, Creek, Cusabo, Gaucata, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, Jeager, Karankawa, Lumbee, Miccosukee, Mobile, Napochi, Nappissa, Natchez, OFO, Powhatan, Quapaw, Seminole, Sioux, South East, Tekeste, Tidewater Algonquin, Timucua, Tunica, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Yuchi. Bannock, Paiute (Northern), Paiute (Southern) Sheepeater, Shoshone (Northern), Shoshone (Western), Ute, Washo.

• The Northern Area

The Northern Region covers most of Canada, also known as the region subarctic in the strip semiarctic the Rocky Mts. Hudson Bay. The main languages in this area were those of the Algonquian-Wakashan and Nadene stocks. Typical of the people there were the Chipewyan. Limiting environmental conditions prevented farming, but hunting, gathering, and activities such as trapping and fishing have been conducted. Nomadic hunters moved with the season from forest to tundra, killing the caribou readers in half. Other food products were provided by small game, berries and edible roots. Not only food but clothing and even some shelter (caribou-skin tents) came from the caribou, and caribou leather thongs the Indians laced their snowshoes and nets and bags. The racket was one of the most important material culture. The shaman featured in the religion of many of these people.

Tribes: Calapuya, Cathlamet, Chehalis, Chemakum, Chetco, Chilluckkittequaw, Chinook, Clackamas, Clatskanie, Clatsop, Cowich, Cowlitz, Haida, Hoh, klallam, Kwalhioqua, Lushootseed, Makah Molale, Multomah, Oynut, Ozette, Queets, Quileute, Quinault, Rogue River, Siletz, Taidhapam, Tillamook, Tutun, Yakonan.

· The southwest area

The region Southwest generally extended over Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Utah. The branch Uto-Aztec-Tanoan linguistic Aztec Group stock was the main language of the region. Here is a semi-nomadic people called the weavers, who hunted with a propeller, or thruster, acquired (to 1000 BC) the art of cultivating beans and squash, probably from their southern neighbors. They also learned to make unfired pottery. They wove baskets, sandals and bags. By c.700 BC they had initiated intensive agriculture, in true pottery, and hunting with bow and arrow. They lived in pit dwellings, which were partly underground and were covered with stone slabs - the houses known as the slab. A new people came into the area two centuries later, are the ancestors of Pueblo Indians. They lived in large communal houses terraces placed on ledges of cliffs or gorges protection and has developed a ceremonial chamber (the kiva) of what had been the fair housing pit. This period of development to completion 1300, after a severe drought and the beginnings of the invasion from the north by the Athabascan-speaking Navajo and Apache. The best known historic Pueblo cultures of the peoples of farmers sedentary like the Hopi and Zuni then emerged. They grow corn, beans, squash, cotton and tobacco, rabbits were killed with a wooden stick to launch, and cotton textiles and corn traded for buffalo meat from nomadic tribes. The men wove cotton and cultivate the fields, while women made fine ceramics polychrome. The mythology and religious ceremonies were complex.

Tribes: Apache (Eastern), Apache (Western) Chemehuevi, Coahuiltec, Hopi, Jano, Manso, Maricopa, Mohave, Navajo, Pai, Papago, Pima, Pueblo (broken into: Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez, Laguna, Nambe, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo, Taos, Tesuque, Zia), Yaqui, Yavapai, Yuman, Zuni. Am strongly thinking

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